纤维底渣混合土循环剪切性能研究

生活垃圾焚烧底渣作为常见的固体废弃物之一,可与纤维混合提高其强度和稳定性。对生活垃圾焚烧底渣–黏土–聚丙烯纤维按一定比例混合,进行循环前大型直剪、循环剪切和循环后直剪试验,研究不同竖向应力、不同剪切位移幅值、不同压实度对纤维加筋底渣混合黏土循环剪切特性及循环后单调直剪特性。试验结果表明:循环前直剪试验中,剪切位移与剪应力曲线呈现弱硬化现象;施加循环荷载后的单调直剪试验,剪切位移与剪应力曲线则呈现明显软化现象。循环剪切试验过程中土样在不同竖向应力、不同剪切位移幅值下均出现循环剪切硬化和剪缩现象。随循环次数增加,硬化程度和剪缩量逐渐减小。随压实度增加,试样由明显的硬化型向软化型发展,压实度越大,沉降量越少,剪缩量越小。对比循环剪切后试样的单调直剪试验与未循环剪切单调直剪试验结果发现,循环剪切后的土样抗剪强度明显增大,黏聚力和摩擦角都相应增加。聚丙烯纤维的加入可以与底渣混合土形成空间网络骨架,从而增加试样抵抗变形能力,减小竖向沉降,增强稳定性。     

Liquid-liquid extraction and separation of total rare earth (RE) metals from polymetallic manganese nodule leaching solution

The study on the solvent extraction for quantitative and selective separation of total rare earth metals from the polymetallic nodule leach liquor was investigated. The typical leach liquor bearing 0. 094 g/L total rare earth, 0. 23 g/L Mn, 0.697 g/L Cu, 0.2 g/L Fe, 0.01 g/L Co and 0.735 g/L Ni was subjected to the removal iron content by precipitation method using Ca(OH)2 at pH 3.95, prior to solvent extraction of rare earth metals. Three different organo-phosphoric acid reagents(D2EHPA, PC88 A, Cyanex 272) were used to ascertain their performances and selectivity towards the loading of rare earth metals in presence of other base metals. Based on the results of eq. pH effect, the performances of above three extractants followed the order as: D2EHPA>PC88A>Cyanex 272. To ensure the absence of extraction of base metals(Cu, Co, Ni), the eq. pH of the solution was optimized at the level of 2.21, though higher rare earth metal extraction efficiency was observed at higher eq. pH with either of the extractants. The complete process flow diagram for substantial recovery of total rare earth was developed using D2 EHPA. Extraction isotherm plot was constructed at A:O=12:1, 3-stages and pHe=2.21, using 0.8 mol/L D2 EHPA and the predicted condition of this study was further confirmed by 6-Cycles Counter Current Simulation(CCS) study. The stripping of total rare earth from loaded organic phase(LO) was conducted using HCl solution. Mc-Cabe Thiele diagram study carried out at A:O=1:5 using 4 mol/L HCl showed that three theoretical stages were needed for quantitative stripping of total rare earth. The subsequent stripped solution resulted thus led to contain total rare earth of 5.6 g/L indicating a very high enrichment of total metals by solvent extraction(SX) process.     

近海面水层中声传播损失估计和分析

近海面水层通常存在声速梯度变化,并随着季节的更替而改变。根据南海典型中等深度海在春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的声速剖面,分析近海面水层中12 km水平距离内声传播损失的空间分布和频率变化规律。结果表明:春、夏两季由于负梯度声影区现象,声传播损失约在1 km的距离超过80 d B;秋、冬两季的典型特征是存在表面声道现象,当声源在近海面混合层内部时,混合层中声传播损失在截止频率以上小于球面扩展损失,而当声源深度大于混合层深度时,表面声道现象不明显。     

基于三重底线理论的PPP 项目可持续评价

为解决当前我国PPP模式面临的以经济效益为主要目的,忽视社会与环境影响的问题,针对PPP项目进行系统、全面的可持续性评价迫在眉睫。基于“三重底线”理论,结合PPP项目特征从经济、社会、环境、合作及项目特征5个维度建立了可持续评价指标体系,包括14个可持续标准指标和45个关键属性指标。引入模糊逻辑思维构建评价模型,通过三重模糊数学计算得出PPP项目整体可持续性指数,采用欧几里得距离法确定PPP项目可持续水平,并识别出阻碍项目可持续水平的因素,并以说明性案例分析验证模型的可行性和合理性。     

底模和养护条件对砂浆强度影响的试验研究

对不同底模、不同养护条件下273个砂浆试块进行了抗压试验,对比分析了不同条件下砂浆试块的抗压强度,研究了底模材料和养护条件对砂浆强度的影响。结果表明,底模材料对砂浆试块抗压强度有显著的影响,配合比相同的试块会因其底模材料的不同导致其抗压强度明显不同,而影响其强度等级的确定。在相同养护条件下,采用烧结普通砖底模的砂浆试块抗压强度值较大。采用混凝土砖底模的次之,采用钢底模的试块较低。各砂浆强度值之间的换算关系通过一个固定值来表示是不准确的。     

北京音乐厅改建工程空调消声系统设计

随着国家文化产业的发展,音乐厅、剧场等文化建筑越来越受到重视。本文针对音乐厅对音质、背景噪声等的特殊要求,对空调系统的气流组织形式、消声、减振、隔振方案进行了阐述,指出了噪声控制应从机房布置、噪声源、传声途径、音乐厅内部吸声四个方面进行综合处理。最后通过对北京音乐厅改造后室内噪声的实际测量结果,对设计方案予以认证。     

深海卷管铺设中的管道安全性分析

深海卷管铺设过程中管道发生了复杂的塑性变形,可能造成管道的失效,因此需要对管道的安全性进行评估。为此,首先对卷管铺设整个过程中管道的受力变形情况进行了分析,发现管道在上卷至卷筒时最易发生失效。其次对上卷时管道可能发生的失效形式进行了归纳和分析,获得了管道在各种失效形式下的极限承载公式。然后基于位移控制条件,得到了管道的极限弯曲半径,并结合极限承载公式,建立了管道失效的评价指标。最后以管径为16英寸（406.4 mm）的管道为实例,对管道的安全性进行评估,并采用有限元软件对管道上卷时张力对管道椭圆度的影响进行了分析。结果表明：①较大径厚比的管道在上卷时更易于满足极限载荷承载条件,但是对管道截面变形不利,当径厚比达到20时,不满足位移控制条件,已不适用于卷管法铺设;②较高的管材等级对卷管铺设中管道安全性有利;③上卷张力对管道椭圆度的影响较小,可以忽略。     

柱淋滤模式下生活垃圾焚烧炉渣中Cu2+和Zn2+浸出规律

垃圾焚烧炉渣是一种活性材料，在其储存、预处理及应用等过程与雨水频繁接触时，炉渣中重金属随着水域环境发生迁移和浸出现象。本研究采用连续柱淋滤试验装置模拟自然降雨，开展了0～5mm和5～10mm焚烧炉渣的动态淋滤毒性浸出分析，重点研究了pH和降雨强度对Cu²⁺和Zn²⁺的浸出影响。结果表明，动态淋滤过程中，淋滤液pH变化对Cu²⁺和Zn²⁺的浸出水平影响显著，且在酸性较强淋滤液作用下Cu²⁺浸出水平比Zn²⁺更强，与Ⅴ类地表水环境浓度限值对比，在整个淋滤时间内Cu²⁺浸出浓度严重超标，在炉渣工程应用时需预防相关的环境风险；原生炉渣粒径大小与重金属浸出水平无直接相关性，但是0～5mm细炉渣中可浸出Zn²⁺含量更高，这与细颗粒物中Zn赋存形态和可溶出态含量较高有关；淋滤强度对重金属浸出水平影响主要反应了动态淋滤过程液固比和水分运移速率情况，当较低淋滤强度时具有低液固比，溶出液中重金属含量较高。     

Coconut husk extract: antibacterial properties and its application for shelf-life extension of Asian sea bass slices

Antibacterial properties of ethanolic coconut husk extracts (ECHE) prepared using varying ethanol concentrations as the extracting media against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus was studied. ECHE60, prepared using 60% ethanol, had similar minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration to those extracted using 80% and 100% ethanol (P ˂ 0.05). When Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) slices were treated with ECHE60 at 200 and 400 ppm, the quality changes were monitored in comparison with the control (without treatment) during 12 days of refrigerated storage (4 °C). The shelf life of sea bass treated with 400 ppm ECHE60 was extended to 9 days, whereas the control had a shelf life of 3 days. Lipid oxidation was lowered in ECHE60 treated samples than the control during storage. Therefore, ECHE60 could inhibit both spoilage and pathogenic bacteria and also extended the shelf life of sea bass slices.